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Item MODELLING OF KANGIMI DAM WATERSHED HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES USING GIS AND SWAT MODEL(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-01-11) UMAR Shamsuddeen Bello (B.Eng. WREE, A.B.U); UMAR Shamsuddeen Bello (B.Eng. WREE, A.B.U)This study focused on application of physically based hydrological model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) interfaced with ARCGIS software over the Kangimi dam sub- watershed, located in Kangimi river sub-basin, in Igabi Local Government Area, about 37km away from Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria.The watershed was delineated with 10 sub-basins, 39 hydrological response units (HRUs) were defined, which are areas with similar land use, soil, and slope characteristic, the watershed has a total surface area of 349.94km2 and a corresponding perimeter of 156.82km.The maximum and minimum elevation in the study area were determined to be 784m and 512m respectively.The program SUFI-2 in SWAT-CUP package was used for sensitivity analysis, the parameters found to be most sensitive are curve number (CN2), threshold water depth aquifer (GWQMN) followed by, soil available water capacity (SOL_AWC),groundwater delay time (GW_DELAY), groundwater „„revaporation‟‟ coefficient (ESCO), effective hydraulic conductivity (SOL_K) and base flow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF.gw) as relative to the determination of surface runoff.The model was executed from 1979 to 2014using SCS curve number method for estimation of surface runoff, Hargreaves method for potential evapotranspiration and Variable-storage method for channel routing.The calibration and validation of the model produced good simulation results based on the objective functions (p-factor=0.77, r-factor=0.71) and (p-factor=0.83, r-factor=0.75) for calibration and validation respectively, after achieving 500 simulations. The model performance was evaluated and found to be very good for both calibration and validation period of historical discharge datawith R 2 and NSE to be 92% and 82%, for calibration, and 93% and 86%, for validation respectively. The watershed hydrology was simulated in response to different LULC and climate changes, the surface runoff, evapotranspiration, contribution of groundwater to surface runoff, deep aquifer recharge and total average annual water yield at the watershed outlet for the simulation period were 387.37mm, 509.3mm, 248.22mm, 15.19mm and 655.51mm respectively. This interesting performance obtained with the ArcSWAT model suggests that SWAT model could be a promising decision support tool for sustainable management of water resources.Item ASSESSMENT OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF VEGETATION COVER IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-05-15) Modibbo SALEH; Modibbo SALEHBauchi State of Nigeria has undergone rapid land cover changes from natural and anthropogenic sources from 1976 to 2015. This in turn affects the natural resource base, hence a threat to the entire ecosystem. The study assesses the spatio-temporal changes of the vegetation cover in Bauchi. Remote Sensing, GIS techniques and questionnaire administration were employed to collect the data needed to address the research objectives. Multi-temporal satellite data (Land Sat Multi Spectral Scanner 1976 and Operational Land Imager 2015) were used for land cover-land cover (LULC) classification using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) tool resulting in land cover map of 1976 and 2015. They were further analysed for changes using the Post- Classification Comparison Technique. The SPOT-NDVI data of 1998 and 2014 with 8km resolution were used to generate vegetation density map using NDVI differencing method resulting in four density classes: low (0.1-0.2), medium (0.2-0.3), high(0.3-0.4) and very high (>0.4). A regression statistics was used to test for relationship between NDVI, rainfall and temperature. The data on the driving factors of vegetation changes were obtained through semi-structured questionnaire. The Findings revealed that the settled/cultivated land increased by 3918.4 km2 (35.8%) with an annual rate of changes of 14.32% followed by Shrubbed Woodland Hills by 1550.4 km2 (14.2%) with annual rate of changes of 5.60%. While, the other vegetation cover types decreased. The results also indicated that the area coverage very high NDVI density class had decreased by - 2991 km2 (50%) with annual rate of change of -8, NDVI high density class had increases by +1615 km2 (27%) with annual rate of change +4.3, NDVI medium density class had increased by 1099 km2 (18.4%) with annual rate of change of +2.9 and NDVI low density class had increased by +277 km2 (4.6%) with annual rate of change + 0.74. The regression coefficients showed a strong relationship between NDVI, rainfall and temperature from 1998 to 2014 because of regression coefficient (R2 = 0.72) recorded in 1998, (R2 = 0.64) in 2006 and (R2 = 0.5) in 2014. The study further established a strong effect of anthropogenic activities on vegetation cover changes as majority of the respondents (99%) used fire wood in the study area. Therefore, awareness of the reality, magnitude and implications of vegetation cover changes should be raised among vegetation resource users, and the need for government to improve on shortfall of supply of other forms of alternative domestic energy source in the study area, areas part of recommendations made in this study.Item EXPLORING THE ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES OF SHOPPING MALLS AND TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE DESIGN OF A HYBRID MARKET IN EKO ATLANTIC CITY, LAGOS, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-08-16) Chinedu Charles OHAMBELE, B.Sc. Architecture (ZARIA); Chinedu Charles OHAMBELE, B.Sc. Architecture (ZARIA)This study highlightsthe mutual architectural qualities existent in both traditional markets and shopping malls to determine which of these is considered among patrons as important and why. This study sheds more light on why there seem to be a patronage shift from traditional markets to malls as indicated in literature; and which of these architectural qualities attributed to each is considered as a cause of such traction in Lagos State, Nigeria. Quantitative and qualitative analysis through structured questionnaire and behavioural mapping were used respectively, 58 questionnaires were analysed using SPSS v. 21 for means, standard deviations and ratings. It indicated that “hustle and bustle” (30.6%) and “ambience” (25.6%) were presently the key incentives for visiting both traditional markets and shopping malls respectively. Results were rated on a Likert scale of 1 to 5, which showed that proper drainage (4.60) and waste disposal (4.52) were two most important qualities for the success of traditional markets, while the presence of adequate parking areas (4.60) and obvious ingress/egress (4.52) were opined for malls. Further results implied that traditional markets (in Lagos) are still patronized not necessarily for the goods they afford, rather for the buzzling nature. While for shopping malls, the ambience characterized by its orderly organization is an attraction to patrons. This implies that patrons in Lagos are bipolar in their patronage; that they satisfy their polemical desires by maintaining patronage of both. In addition, in order to maximize the successes of both shopping malls and traditional markets the above lacking architectural qualities should be given paramount consideration than any other in the design of a hybridItem MODELLING GEOIDAL HEIGHTS IN THE GULF OF GUINEA USING JASON-2 SATELLITE ALTIMETRY DATA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-10-03) ABDULGANIYU ETUDAYE BELLO B. TECH. (FUT MINNA) 2014; ABDULGANIYU ETUDAYE BELLO B. TECH. (FUT MINNA) 2014Satellite Altimetry is an aspect of the microwave remote sensing and space geodesy, used for the study of global mean sea level, sea surface topography,which can be related to the ellipsoid, geoid, wetland water- level monitoring, geophysical exploration and so on. The over flow of water to the Rivers resulted from the rise in Global Mean Sea Level and the changes in the Global Mean Sea Level is better evaluated and understood from a good estimation of reference surface such as ellipsoid and geoid. This study aims at modelling the Geoid heightover the Nigerian Gulf of Guinea Waters fromsatellite altimetry data for a proper understanding of thesurface heights of the Gulf of Guinea relative to the mean sea level using JASON-2 satellite altimetry data. The data used for the study isJASON-2_GDR (gridded_3×1deg_cycle_mean.nc)products of combined altimetry datasets for a period of seven (7) yearsfrom July 2008 to 2015. The Mea Sea Surface (MSS), the Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) and the Geoid height were estimated on latitude -2 to 6 (degree) and longitude 2 to 10 (degree) of the Gulf of Guinea.The sampling was done using Panoply 4.8.3/Java 8 Runtime Environment Software.ArcGIS 10.2.2 software was employed to perform the geo-statistics Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) interpolation for estimating the missing points and the Geoid height surface modelling/interpolation. Linear trend analysis was carried out to estimate the accuracy of measures using Mini tab 18 software where Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the results reveal that, the MSSH, MDT and the Geoid heightwere 2.59269,1.13365 and 2.66622 respectively.The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) for MSSH, MDT and Geoid height were 0.46276, 0.00442 and 0.46532, while the Mean Square Deviation (MSD) wereestimated as 0.34472, 0.00003 and 0.348860 for the MSSH, MDT and Geoid height respectively. The Geoid heightmodels had poor accuracy value with estimate of about 2.7% Mean Absolute Error over the sampled years compared with the MSSH and MDT models of about 2.6% and 1.1% respectively. Theautocorrelation between MSSH, MDT and Geoid heightwere found to be strong with Durbin-Watson value of d = 0.006, which is below the two critical values 0f 1.5 < d< 2.5. In addition, the trend for the models were projected from 2016 up to 2022. The MSSH projected an estimate of the range between 17.90m to 19.10m, the MDT projected a range between 0.394m to 0.417m and the Geoid projected an estimate of 16.52m to 18.25m on a sampled data of every July month of the year only. Knowing the trend of the sea surface heights of Nigeria Gulf of Guinea, further research can be carried out to determine how the Nigeria coastal States and climate change can be affected with this trend.Item MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOPLASMA BOVIS AND MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES SUBSPECIES MYCOIDES FROM SLAUGHTERED CATTLE IN ADAMAWA AND TARABA STATES, NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-11-01) MARKUS ISA FRANCIS DVM (UNIMAID) 2007, M.Sc (ABU) 2014; MARKUS ISA FRANCIS DVM (UNIMAID) 2007, M.Sc (ABU) 2014Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) are the two most important pathogenic species of mycoplasmas of cattle. This study was aimed to isolate, identify and confirm M. bovis and Mmm by culture and PCR as well as to characterize the genomes of identified Mmm isolates from cattle in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. A total of 480 samples of lung tissues (180), pleural fluid (180), nasal swab (60) and ear swab (60) were collected from 190 heads of cattle at slaughter in two abattoirs, namely; Yola Modern Abattoir and Jalingo Abbatoir in Adamawa and Taraba States respectively. Samples were processed based on standard laboratory protocols. Identification and confirmation were done using standard techniques. Genomic DNA was extracted using Maxwell 16 Tissue/cell DNA purification kit and sequenced on Illumina NextSeqTM 500 platform. Reads were assembled by a de novo strategy using the SPAdes, while strains comparison was performed by a gene-by-gene approach. Pangenome analysis was performed with USEARCH and virulence factors were identified by similarity searching against a specialized virulence factor database. Thirty nine (8.13%) Mycoplasma species were isolated from the samples, 25 (8.80%) and 14 (7.14%) from Adamawa and Taraba States respectively. Four (0.83%; 4/480) isolates were identified as M. bovis. Out of these, 1 (0.91%) was isolated from pleural fluid in Adamawa State, whereas 2 (2.86%) and 1 (3.57%) were respectively isolated from lungs and ear swab samples in Taraba State. Similarly, 33 (6.87%; 3/380) of the isolates were identified as Mmm. Out of these, 12 (10.91%) were isolated from both lung tissues and pleural fluid in Adamawa State, whereas, 5 (7.14%) and 4 (5.71%) were isolated respectively from lung tissues and pleural fluid in Taraba State. No Mmm was isolated from nasal and ear swab samples in the study area. Histopathological examination of the positive lung showed severe congestion and fibrin exudation into interalveolar spaces with the collapse of almost all the alveoli. Four M. bovis isolates were confirmed positive by PCR with the presence of one band of 734-bp; two isolates from lung tissues and one isolate from both pleural fluid and ear canal. All the 33 Mmm isolates were confirmed to be Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies based on amplification of CAP-21 genomic region yielding a band size of 574-bp. Following digestion of the amplicon with restriction endonuclease Vsp1, the production of two restricted fragments of 180-bp and 380-bp indicated typical fingerprinting pattern of Mmm. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken for the 20 field strains of Mmm isolates, comprising of thirteen isolates from Adamawa State and seven from Taraba State. The 20 genome assemblies were highly similar and resulted in 19 and 115 contigs with N50 value from 25,646 to 119,472. The total length of the genomes varied by approximately 22,000-bp and were between 1,180,728-bp and 1,202,919-bp per genome. Smallest genome size of 1,180,728-bp was observed in strain AL103 and largest genome size of 1,202,919-bp in strain AP68b. The G+C content of the Mmm strains varied between 23.92% and 24.03% and the genomes harboured about 2,053 to 2,127 predicted protein-coding genes per genome. The annotation of the genome revealed CDS between 2,016 and 2,087, and between 29 and 33 tRNA were identified per genome. Six (6) rRNA was identified per genome, 2 each of 5S rRNA, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA. Genomic comparisons of the 20 field strains of Mmm revealed high orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) values of between 99.59 and 99.92%. BLAST nucleotide comparison showed 90-100% relatedness of these strains to vaccine strain T1/44. The pan-genome of the strains of Mmm contains 3,081 protein-coding genes which comprised of 1,707 core genes (55.4% of the pangenome) and 1,374 accessory genes (44.6% of the pangenome). Functional annotation of the 20 Mmm gene products assigned a COG category for just 1,198 ortholog cluster of proteins occurring mainly in the core genome. Phylogenetic tree of the 20 strains showed 3 distinct phylogroups of 8, 4 and 8 strains MAT-1, MAT-2 and MAT-3 respectively and were confirmed by a Neighbor-Joining tree. The 20 field strains of Mmm had a virulence factor range between 9 and 25 and virulence genes varying between 11 and 68 with some strain (AP103, AP68b, AL90, AL107) harbouring high number of virulence factors. In conclusion, this work has established the presence of M. bovis and Mmm in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. We thus recommend large scale epidemiological studies and genomic analysis of Mmm strains circulating in other States of Nigeria.Item ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF ACTIVITY-BASED AND PROBLEM- SOLVING METHODS ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN BASIC SCIENCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-11-15) Jummai Habu DAWAKI; Jummai Habu DAWAKIThe study assessed the effects of Activity-Based and Problem-Solving methods on students‟ academic performance in Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was carried out with Seven objectives: determine the Pre-test and Post-test performances of students taught Basic Science using Activity-Based and those taught using Problem-solving method; determine the performance of students taught Basic Science using Activity-Based and Conventional method; examine the effect of Problem-Solving and Conventional method on the performance of students in Basic Science in Junior Secondary schools in Kaduna State, Nigeria amongst others. The study adopted quasi experimental research design. The target population of the study was made up of 119,238 Junior Secondary 2 Students in Kaduna State, of Nigeria. The sample size for this study consisted of 3 intact classes of 218 Junior Secondary School students. Purposive sampling techniques was used to choose the sample size. The instrument used for data collection in the study was adopted test of multiple choice in Basic Science Junior Secondary Certificate Examination, 2010-2014. The validated instrument was pilot tested and a reliability coefficient of 0.79 was obtained. The statistical tools used for data analysis included descriptive statistics mainly mean and standard deviation which was used to respond to the research questions raised in the study. The t-test was used to test hypotheses 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test hypotheses 6 and 7. The hypotheses formulated for this study were retained or rejected at 0.05 level of significance. The study established among others that, Students taught basic science using activity-based method had a higher mean score and performed significantly better in the post-test (P-value .002 <0.05), Students taught basic science using Problem-Solving method had a higher mean score and performed significantly better in the post-test (P-value .002 <0.05). The post-test mean performance of students taught Basic Science using Activity-Based method is slightly higher than the post-test mean performance of students taught Basic Science using Problem-Solving method (p- value .004 <0.05) Students taught basic science using activity-based method had a higher mean score and performed significantly better than their counterparts taught using conventional method (P-value .003<0.05). It was concluded that the activity-based method was more effective to teach Basic Science as the method enabled students to achieve higher mean score and performed better than their counterparts taught using both problem-solving and conventional methods. Recommendations were that; Teachers and school Managers, should provide and encourage the use of both Activity-based and Problem-solving methods as they both have been proved to be effective empirically in enhancing students‟ academic performance; Basic science teachers should be encouraged to use Activity based method because of its positive effect in enhancing students‟ academic performance; and Teachers should be encouraged to make their classrooms active learning classrooms by ensuring that their students are exposed to meaningful Problem-solving activities that will make them active learners not passive listeners or receivers.Item EFFECTS OF LEARNER-CENTERED AND TEACHER-CENTERED APPROACHES ON WRITTEN ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN BOSSO L.G.A OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-11-20) MOHAMMED FARIDA; MOHAMMED FARIDAThis study sought to determine effects of learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches on the written English performance of students in secondary schools in Bosso LGA of Niger State. Quasi-experimental research design was used in this study with static group pre- test and post-test none control procedure. The researcher made use of two groups of students: experimental ̳A‘ andregular group ̳B.‘ 100 students were randomly selected and used for the study. Data were collected by the means of testwhich consist of narrative essay and letter writing. Analysis was done using t-test statistics and two-Way ANOVA. The objective was to verify the effects of the learner-centered and the teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of male and female students in schools, find out the effects of the learner-centered and the teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay), performance of public and private school students.Comparison of the effects of the learner- centered and the teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of SS2 students in Bosso L G A.was also carried out. The research questions are: What are the effects of the teacher-centered and learner-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of male and female students? What are the effects of the teacher-centered and learner-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of public and private schools students? What are the effects of the teacher-centered and learner-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of students in Bosso L. G. A.? And the hypotheses are: There is no significant difference between the effects of the learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of male and female students.There is no significant difference between the effects of the learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of public and private schools students.There is no significant difference between the effects of the learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches on the written English (essay) performance of students in Bosso L G A.The population for the study comprises all the SS 2 public and private senior secondary schools in Bosso L. G. A. of Niger State. The study has two different sample sizes-before and after the treatment.One of the major findings arrived at in this study is that the learner-centered teaching improves the teaching of English language better than the teacher-centered teaching approach. The mean performance scores on written English for the experimental group were better than that of the regular group. The mean difference was 9.04 in favour of the experimental group. Therefore, it is recommended that English language teachers should put more effort to develop the students‘ writing skills using the learner-centered approach.Item VALUE RELEVANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RELATED PARTY DISCLOSURES (IAS 24) IN LISTED FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPANIES IN NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-04) Haolat Olaitan KOLAWOLE, B.Sc.Accounting (UNILORIN); Haolat Olaitan KOLAWOLE, B.Sc.Accounting (UNILORIN)Financial report should provide necessary information on the operation and performance of entity that stakeholders can at any time relied on. The study seeks to know the value relevance of compliance with related party disclosures (IAS 24) in listed financial services companies in Nigeria. The population consisted of the 57 financial services companies listed on the Nigeria stock exchange as at 31 December 2017, while the sample size was 41 listed financial services companies in Nigeria. A period of six years was covered from 2012-2017. The source of data was secondary data. Correlational research design was adopted to examine how accounting numbers; book value per share and earnings per share together with compliance with the requirements of related party disclosures (IAS 24) affect share prices of listed financial services companies in Nigeria. Price model by Ohlson (1995) was used and data collected were analysed using pooled ordinary least square regression analysis. Findings from the analysis show that the coefficient of extensive/overall compliance is positive and statistically significant. Earning per share has a positive and significant relationship with market price per share both in high and low compliance model, but the coefficient is higher in high compliance than low compliance model. Also when compliance with related party disclosure is high, the relationship between book value per share and market price per share is positive and significant. Since under both high and low compliance, the market price per share will increase, Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria needs to ensure compliance with related party disclosures IAS 24 with stiff measures by establishing an evaluation system to monitor high and low compliance with the standard. A factual feedback mechanism should also be integrated within the financial sector for an appropriate signaling for inadequate compliance with standard.Item COMPARATIVE IN-VITRO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES OF SOME BRANDS OF METRONIDAZOLE TABLET MARKETED IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-04) MUJITAPHA FATIMA MALUMFASHI; MUJITAPHA FATIMA MALUMFASHIMetronidazole is an antibacterial and antiprotozoal drug used in the treatment of amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis and other microbial diseases. It is an essential drug commonly found in Nigerian market and has so many generics and dosage forms under various trade names by different manufacturers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the in-vitro bio equivalence of branded and generic metronidazole tablet in three different physiological media (pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8). Six brands of metronidazole tablet were randomly selected from different areas of Zaria town and evaluated for quality via identification test, assay, weight variation test, disintegration time test, friability, crushing strength and dissolution. Three UV spectrophotometric methods were developed, validated and used for determining the amount of metronidazole release during the in-vitro dissolution studies. The percentage of metronidazole released was then subjected to in-vitro bioequivalence comparison using the model independent method of comparism. The results showed that all brands passed identification an assay test except brand MD and ME that failed the assay test. The tested brands passed weight variation test, disintegration time test, friability and hardness except brand ME which failed the hardness test. Wavelength of maximum absorbance (ʎmax) of 295nm, 345nm and 350nm were recorded for metronidazole in pH media 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 respectively, with a linear relation at concentration range of 2-64μg/mL. The correlation coefficients were close to unity with percentage recoveries ranging from 98-102% and precision (% CV) <15%. The in-vitro dissolution profile studies showed that brand MB and MC are similar with brand MA at difference factor (f1) ≤15 and similarity factor (f2) >50; therefore, can be used interchangeable with brand MA in all the three simulated physiological media. Also, brand MF had similar dissolution profile with MA in two physiological media (pH 1.2 and 4.5) but not in pH 6.8. However, the dissolution profile of brand MD and brand ME were not similar with brand MA in all the three media. The percentage dissolution efficiency (DE) of all the brands in all the three media were within the acceptable limit of ±10%. It was concluded that the branded MA could be interchanged with brand MB and brand MC in all the three media and with brand MF in pH 1.2 and pH 4.5 but not in pH 6.8 and also not with brand MD and brand ME in all the three media.Item ASSESSMENT OF RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN CREATING AWARENESS ON ELECTION-RIGGING AND POLITICAL CRISES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-04) Musa SAIDU; Musa SAIDUThis study assessed the relevance of Social Studies in creating awareness on election-rigging and political crises among Junior Secondary School students in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Five (5) research objectives and questions as well as four (4) hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive survey method was employed and the population of the study was all JSS II and III students in Giwa Educational zone which stood at ten thousand and ninety-five (10,095) out of which a sample of four hundred and fifteen (415) was selected. “Creating Awareness on Election-Rigging and Political Crises through Social Studies (CREPOCSOS)” questionnaire was used for the data collection. Reliability index of 0.897 and 0.747 were obtained using Cronbach Alpha method. Mean and deviation were used to answer the research questions and null hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed, significant difference between the mean response scores of male and female JSS students on the impact of Social Studies Education in creating awareness on election rigging and political crises. However, no significant difference was found between the mean responses scores of JSS II and III Students on the impact of Social Studies Education in creating awareness on election rigging and political crises. Similarly, significant difference was not found between the mean response scores of urban and rural JSS students on the impact of Social Studies education in creating awareness on election rigging and political crises in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that, content on the consequence of election rigging and political crises should be included in Social Studies curriculum at JSS level in order to inculcate positive democratic values and attitudes among students as well as save our electoral processes from violence; Social Studies should be introduced at Senior Secondary school level in order to increase students‟ awareness on rigging in Kaduna state and the country at large.Item IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ONBWATIYE TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-05) Yusuf OBADIAH; Yusuf OBADIAHBefore the advent of Christianity, the Bwatiye people were devoted to the practice of their traditional marriage. The advent of Christianity among the Bwatiye people led to the conversion of many Bwatiye people to the Christian faith. Consequent upon these developments, many Bwatiye Christian, began to distantce themselves and their children from Bwatiye traditional marriage practices.The Bwatiye people practice polygamy, marrying and dying without a child, for the Bwatiye people, is a grave punishment which is considered equal to a curse. So if the first wife is barren, the husband will try to marry a second wife to get his children. The Bwatiye people desire male children. Thus, if a wife continues to get female children, the husband may marry a second wife to get male children.However, the church has categorised polygamy as unworthy and the people involved cannot be admitted into full membership of the church. The churches demand that Christian matrimony should only be in monogamous marriage.Therefore, this research assessed the impact of Christianity on Bwatiye traditional marriage in Adamawa State, Nigeria. To guide the study four (4) objectives were stated: to determined the religious impact of Christianity, to assess the social impact of Christianity, and to examine the moral and economic impact of Christianity on Bwatiye traditional marriage. Four (4) research questions and four (4) null hypotheses were also stated in line with the objectives of the study. To effectively carry out the investigation, the researcher used descriptive survey research design. The total population of Bwatiye people in Adamawa State were 247,264. One thousand and sixty six 1066 were sampled to represent the total population. The instruments used for the data collection were questionnaire andinterview. The researcher used 1066 questionnaires and out of the number 934 were returned. Oral interview was also conducted with twelve (12) Bwatiye people. Data obtained were analyzed using simple percentage for bio data variables, meanand standard deviations for the research questions, and independent t-test was used to test the strength of the impact because of the two groups. The research findings showed that some aspects of Bwatiye traditional marriage beliefs and practices such as polygamy, sororate and levirate unions have been changed by Christianity. Thestudy recommended thatBwatiye People should understand that time and circumstances have change making polygamous marriage no more an attractive option. The nature of traditional economies, especially the need for more hands on the farm, which gave ground for the system of marriage, is no longer tenable under the impact of modernity and the reality of rapid population growth. In addition the impact of education and urbanization has radically altered the original views that supported polygamy.Item THE RELEVANCE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN ILESHA-BARUBA COMMUNITY, KWARA STATE(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-09) Yusuf Birisan LAWAL; Yusuf Birisan LAWALThe study assessed the relevance of participatory approach to project management in Ilesha- Baruba community, Kwara State. Myriads project have been managed by Ilesha Development Association and Ilesha Women Association which are either abandoned or have not satisfied the users. The major obstacle hindering projects‟ success in the community is said to be non- involvement of beneficiaries at every stage of project management. The study chooses two projects; one by Ilesha Development Association and the other by Ilesha Women Association with a view to identify their initiation, planning, implementation and evaluation strategies thereby explaining the level of project success. The study was guided by two propositions.The study being a qualitative research made use of observations, focus group discussion and interviews to obtain primary data necessary for the study. Secondary data was derived from Manual of Ilesha development association,project planning document, responsibility chart/matrix, Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP), Project Progress Report (PPR) etc. Thematic method was adopted to present and analyze the data from the data collection instrument. The institutional perspective of participatory development was used as theoretical framework to lend credence to the study. The study revealed among others, misplacement of priority resulting from low level of beneficiaries‟ involvement in initiation of projects. The study also revealed lack of involvement of beneficiaries in planning and implementation. However, failure to involve the key stakeholders in these stages of the project cycle led to scope creep, project slippage and cost overrun. The study then recommendedamong others the involvement of beneficiaries in projects initiation as well as planning & implementation. It is on this premise that the study concluded that participatory development strategies lead to improved project success than non-participatory ones.Item DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MATERNITY APPARELS FROM COMMERCIAL BLOCKS PATTERNS, FASTENERS AND DISPOSAL OF FULLNESS IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORYABUJA, NIGERIA.(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-11) AminatBintAHMAD B.E.D.2003, M.Ed. 2014 (Home Economics), Zaria; AminatBintAHMAD B.E.D.2003, M.Ed. 2014 (Home Economics), ZariaThe study focused on the use of Fasteners and Disposal of Fullness in the Development of Functional Maternity Apparels from Commercial Block Patterns, in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. The major objective was to develop maternity apparels from commercial block patterns, fasteners and disposal of fullness in FCT Abuja. Eight objectives, eight research questions and four research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The research design used for the study was Research and development (R&D) design. The population of the study was one hundred and twelve thousand; four hundred and thirty(112,430) pregnant women.The sample size was 399 calculated with Taro Yamane sampling method: n= N/ (1+N (e) ^2). Instrumentused for the collection of primary data for this study, was questionnaires. The research questions were analyzed with descriptive statistics usingmean and cumulative mean, the decision rulewas put at 3.00. The research null hypothesis one was tested with the independent t- test statistic while Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses two, three and four at 0.05 level of significance to determine, if significance differences exist.The findingsrevealed that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of users and judges on the requirements (needs) of pregnant women in F.C.T. Abuja with calculated p-value of 0.461that was higher than the 0.05 alpha level of significance. The findings revealed that significant difference exist among the mean rating of users on fit of functional apparels for first, second and third trimesters calculated p-value of 0.004that was lower than the 0.05 alpha value or table value. The findingsrevealed that there is no significant difference among the mean rating of users (first, second and third trimesters) on the aesthetic attributes of the garmentscalculated p-value of 0.560that was higher than the 0.05 alpha value.The findingsrevealedthat there is no significant difference among the mean responses of judges on the aesthetic attributes of the functional apparels by pregnant women calculated p-value of 0.090 that was higher than the 0.05 alpha value.It was recommended that the pregnant women should use the functional maternity apparels designed from commercial block patterns with fasteners and disposal of fullness techniques for adjustment to first, second and third trimester stages during pregnancy.Item DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENHANCED DATA ANNOTATION AND FILTERINGTECHNIQUE FOR IOT SENSORS(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2019-12-12) EMMANUEL JERRY DAUDA; EMMANUEL JERRY DAUDAInternet of Things (IoT) applications depend on data that are meaningful to the machine to efficiently function. Amongst other sources, data are generated by different types of sensors such as proximity sensor, pressure sensor, temperature sensor and ultrasonic sensor. The diversity of these sensors reflects on the data they generate. As a result, IoT applications encounter challenges understanding and processing these data. The most recent solution to this problem is data filtering and annotation on gateways. This has also resulted into a bottleneck processing thereby causing delay and inconsistencies in processed data. Consequently, an enhanced data preparation and annotation technique is proposed. This approach uses a distributed programming model for sensory data processing. The proposed approach seeks to develop a Hadoop MapReduce algorithm which efficiently filters and annotates sensory data in a distributed manner. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed approach, data generated by sensors are stored on Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and are processed by a MapReduce job. Semantic Web technologies such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Resource Description Framework (RDF) were used for the data annotation. Two categories of experiments were conducted and comparison between the proposed system and the existing system were done based on data size and processing time. This dissertation concludes that the proposed system has 61.65% processing time and 13.41% data size enhancement respectively over the existing systemItem APPRAISAL OF STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON APPLICATION OF CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN UPPER BASIC SCHOOLS IN NORTH-CENTRAL ZONE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-01-08) Bukky KESTON; Bukky KESTONThis study was carried out to appraise the Stakeholders‟ Perceptions on Application of Classroom Management Techniques in Upper Basic Schools in North-Central Zone, Nigeria. The study was carried out with seven objectives among which are to examine the perceptions of stakeholders on the application of reward management technique in upper basic schools in North-Central Zone, ascertain the stakeholders‟ perceptions on application of classroom seating arrangement management technique in upper basic schools in North- Central Zone, determine the stakeholders‟ perceptions on the application of classroom rules and regulations technique in upper basic schools in North-Central Zone, evaluate the stakeholders‟ perceptions on the application of classroom time management technique in upper basic schools in North-Central Zone among others. Seven research questions and hypotheses were raised in line with the objectives. Relevant literatures were reviewed on the key variables of the study. Descriptive research design was used in this study. The total population of the study was 66,432, consisting of 61,825 teachers, 3,187 principals and 1,420 supervisors. The sample size of 1034 which comprised 346 principals, 382 teachers and 306 supervisors was used for the study. The instrument used for the study was self- constructed structured questionnaire, tagged “Stakeholders‟ Perceptions on the application of Classroom Management Techniques (SPACMT)”. The instrument was validated by the researcher‟s supervisors. Construct and content validity was used to validate the instrument. The instrument was pilot tested using test-re-test method and coefficient reliability index of 0.79 was obtained. The demographic data of the respondents were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages while mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. All the seven hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. Findings from the study showed that, gifts such as exercise books and textbook were given to students as a form of reward. Also, symbolic rewards such as pinning up an excellent student‟s picture on the bulletin board for other students to see encouraged them to improve and learn better in upper basic schools, seats were arranged away from areas of distractions such as school field and shops to enable students concentrate on their lessons. Rules and regulations were stipulated earlier to curb deviant behaviours. Teachers did not spend much time on difficult areas of the course contents for proper understanding of concepts and this did not enhance students‟ learning in upper basic schools in North-Central Zone, Nigeria among others. In view of the findings, this study established that there is no technique for classroom management that will totally overcome students‟ behaviour problems if the teachers and other stakeholders do not provide an interesting, engaging programmes that could allow each student to become actively involved in the class activities and that teachers‟ responsibility to handle unpleasant behaviour in the classroom, set an example for students to see the necessity of behaving themselves. Recommendations were made which include among others that gifts such as exercise books and textbooks be given to students as reward; symbolic rewards such as pinning an excellent student‟s picture on the bulletin board for other students to see encourage them to improve in their academic pursuit. Government should provide adequate seats for students‟ comfort and the seats should be well arranged for teacher‟s mobility in the classroom. Policies that could allow teachers to make use of punishment, communication, rules and regulations as classroom management techniques should be encouraged, these will promote students‟ learning in upper basic schools in North-Central Zone, Nigeria.Item COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SUSTAINABILITY OF HEALTHCARE AND WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN BAUCHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-01-09) YUNUSA, IDRIS; YUNUSA, IDRISThe study examine the causes of development projects failure and abandonment and the relationship between community participation in sustainability of health &water supply projects in the selected ten(10) communities of Bauchi local government Areas,Bauchi State- Nigeria. The study ascertain whether community participation in development projects engender their sustainability. The major assumption of this study is that community participation and ownership of development projects do significantly impact on their sustainability. The study adapted “System Theory popularized byLudwing von Bertalanffy. The data collected both from primary and secondary sources using structured questionnaires, interviews and observation of the both healthcare and water supply projects. On the other hand, secondary data collected fromthe council minute of meetings, projects reports, projects estimates and community minutes. Data collected from structured questionnaire were analysed usingboth descriptive andinferential statistics tools (frequency, tables and percentage)whereas Chi-squire non-parametric test was used to testhypotheses. The study conducted in ten (10) communities and sampled drawn from both male and female of the communities including their leaders and officials of the Local Government. The result from ten selected communities shows that the local government has failed to provide opportunities for people to participate in their development process. The problems of un-sustainable situation of facilities as identified by the study is largely attributed to the failure of local government to provide opportunity for beneficiaries to be partners in the provisions of facilities. The study therefore, revealed that local government officials do not respect community inputs in development process and do not consider them as partners in providing community solution.The results of the two hypotheses show that local government officials and communities members had no significant differences on their view about community participation lead to projects sustainability and projects reflected on community felt-needs lead to higher projects achievement. The study therefore, recommended that to attain sustainability, development projects must be stepped down to the basic level of understanding of local communities and they must be deeply involved in the entire projects cycle; they must be made to comprehend and appreciate the project, its dynamics and dimensions including intended benefits as well as impacts of the projects so that communities can willing to accept and own the project. This can also stimulate benefiting communities to sort and utilise available resources whether local knowledge, know-how, experiences, materials and finances to keep the project going and functional for both intra-generational benefits even without continue support from outside.Item BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE BYSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSISOLATED FROM PATIENTS IN NATIONAL ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL, DALA, KANO, NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-01-16) Dominic Agbo OCHEB. BSc. (UDUS) 2012; Dominic Agbo OCHEB. BSc. (UDUS) 2012Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogens causing a wide range of health-care and community acquired infections. Its ability to form small-colony variants (SCV), biofilm and acquire resistant genes have resulted in its persistence in patients and also putting health-care workers at risk. This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and biofilm forming capacity of S. aureus isolated from clinical samples of hospitalized patients in National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano, Nigeria. A total of 189 samples consisting of 49 wound swabs, 49 nasal swab, 49 bed swab and 42 urine samples were collected over a period of 3 months. These samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar (MSA) and the isolates were subjected to Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. And the coagulase positive isolates were further screened using Staphylococcal Microgen identification kit to identify S. aureus isolates. A total of 28 S. aureus were identified from the189 clinical samples collected. The S. aureus isolates were screened for small-colony variants (SCVs) by culturing the isolates on Columbia blood agar (CBA) to detect pin-point or tiny colonies that are non-haemolytic and non-pigmented and they were evaluated for biofilm-formation using the microtiter plate (MTP) method. Also, antibiotics susceptibility pattern and inducible clindamycin (D-test) resistance of the S. aureus isolates were determined using the agar disc diffusion method. Molecular analysis of the isolates was done to determine the presence of biofilm associated genes (icaA and bbp) and antibiotics resistance genes (mecA and vanA) in the S. aureus isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the genes if present. Of the 189 samples collected, 28 (14.3%) were confirmed to be S. aureus. Biofilm production was observed in 27 (96.4%) of the S. aureus isolates with 1 (3.6%) S aureus isolate as non-biofilm producer. From the biofilm producers, 3 (10.7%) of the biofilm-producing isolates were strong biofilm-formers, 6(21.4%) were moderate biofilm-formers and 18 (64.3%) were weak biofilm-formers. Antibiotics susceptibility showed that the S. aureus isolates were generally resistant to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic (67.9%), Tetracycline (67.9%), Ciprofloxacin (67.9%), Norfloxacin (64.3%), Cefoxitin (67.9%), Clindamycin (57.1%) and Gentamicin (53.6%). But they were significantly susceptibility to Linezolid (85.7%), Mupirocin (64.3%), Erythromycin (53.6%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (57.1%) and Quinipristin- Dalfopristin (60.7%). High percentage (85.7%) of the S. aureus isolates had MAR index˃ 0.2, and 85.7% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) also. A total of 2 (7.1%) S. aureus isolates tested positive for inducible clindamycin resistance and 57.1% showed constitutive clindamycin resistance. The high-level mupirocin resistance was found in 21.4% of the isolates while the low-level mupirocin resistance was found in 25% of the isolates. Molecular analysis of these isolates showed that 30% harboured icaA gene that was amplified at 188bp, 37.5% harboured bbp gene that was amplified at 500bp, 33.3% harboured mecA gene that was amplified at 533bp and 20% harboured VanA gene that was amplified at 1030bp.Item DEVELOPMENT OF PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR INTRA-CITY BUS TRAVEL TIME IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS IN NIGERIA(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-02-06) EWOH, JAMES GODWINB. ENG Civil (UAM); EWOH, JAMES GODWINB. ENG Civil (UAM)The lack of information on bus travel time in Makurdi metropolis to enable trip makers plan for journeys is seen as a challenge in recent times. This study developed a multiple linear regression model for predicting bus travel time along bus routes within the metropolis and this was achieved throughmeasurement of the physical characteristics of the roadway, identification of those factors that constitute impediment to intra-city bus travel time, measurement of intra-city bus travel time on the routes and development of prediction models for intra-city bus travel time using statistical package for social science and the development of curve fittings for the built models with data collected from field survey. The physical characteristic of the routes under study was determined and the lane width values obtained on the field where 3.6m, 3.7m, and 3.5m for Wadata, Modern Market, and Air force base routes respectively and these values conform with the Federal Ministry of works Highway Design Manuel 2013 which states that 3.35-4.0m lane width be used for safety, efficiency and ease of operation and the manual also states that the minimum median width be 1.2m and usable shoulder width of 3m are desirable on all highways but narrow widths are acceptable on low volume highway.The factors that affect intra-city bus travel times were also determined with speed of travel, dwell times, 3-leg intersection and Cross intersections, volume of traffic which all ranged from 427-775 vehicles/hour which falls under the traffic category of heavy traffic as stated in the Federal Ministry of works Highway Design Manual, 2013 that traffic more than 1000vehicles/day belongs to Heavy traffic, and number of roundabout and the route lengths been predominant.Item ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME (NAPEP) ON REDUCING POVERTY IN SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN KATSINA STATE(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-02-11) ABDULSALAM ABUBAKAR SALAM; ABDULSALAM ABUBAKAR SALAMItem THE EFFECT OF POVERTY AND CULTURAL PRACTICES ON GIRL-CHILD EDUCATION IN SOBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE (2011 – 2017)(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2020-03-10) Dauda AYUBA (B.A Local Govt and Devt. Studies); Dauda AYUBA (B.A Local Govt and Devt. Studies)Girl-child education as a global concern has been shown to be a difficult task that is not easily achievable due to poverty, cultural practices amongst many impediment. The study was carried out to examine the effect of poverty and cultural practices on girl-child education in Soba Local Government Area of Kaduna State from 2011 to 2017. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of poverty and cultural practices on girl-child education in Soba Local Government Area. System theory by Ludwing Von Bertalanffy was adopted as the theoretical framework to guide the study. The methodology used for the study was survey design and the primary data collections were questionnaires administration, interviews and observation. The secondary data were collected via records and documents. The study used a total sample of 400 respondents. The analysis of data was done using multiple linear regressions, with the aid of SPSS version 20 software. The regression result from the analysis revealed that poverty and cultural practice have significant negative effect on girl-child education in Soba Local Government Area of Kaduna State. However, school infrastructures have significant positive effect on girl-child education. The study deduced that poverty hinders girl-child education in Soba local government area of Kaduna state. Therefore, this study recommends among others that community members should be empowered with skills and credit facilities necessary to boost their livelihood. This will impact significantly on their financial capability to support girl-child education.