Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

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DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN A SPUR GEAR BY PHOTOELASTIC AND NUMERICAL METHODS BY
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 1990-07-26) Sylvester Ani UGWU,B..Eng, (Nig.); Sylvester Ani UGWU,B..Eng, (Nig.)
The new developments in mechanical engineering in Nigeria (Low Cost Vehicle project, aviation projects - AIR BEETLE, etc.), require in-house practical calculation techniques in design generally and calculation of stresses in machine components, particularly.
ANALYSIS OF THE LIABILITY REGIME FOR TORTS AGAINST PROPERTY IN NIGERIA
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2000-01-19) Dahiru Muhammad SANI, LL.B, LL.M; Dahiru Muhammad SANI, LL.B, LL.M
Torts dealing with property which include trespass to land, nuisance, keeping dangerous objects (the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher), conversion and detinue, that have significant role in protecting the interest of owners or possessors of both moveable and immoveable property. Over the years, these torts have passed through some modifications in the common law jurisdictions, especially England, Australia, Canada and even the United States of America. This change in character and landscape which the torts have witnessed is more or less associated with the change in development of societies. In Nigeria however, these torts have either remained static without incorporating recent developments in the areas or confused by the courts in applying the principles applicable to them wrongly. This research, using a doctrinal method, has taken an in-depth analysis into liability regime which governs torts against property, more specifically, trespass to land, especially the doctrine of trespass ab initio, new development in the application of the tort of nuisance and the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher (keeping dangerous objects) and their application by the court in Nigeria as well as the application of the torts of conversion and detinue in Nigeria. The research has through an examination of the relevant literatures and decisions of courts, shown that the principles of liability in those torts have either been modified, such as in nuisance and under the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher, or abolished as in the case of detinue. In Nigeria however, the research finds that, the court could not measure up with new developments in those torts by still applying the old principles governing them, while at the same time applying the law governing the tort of trespass ab initio wrongly. With regards to the application of the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher, the court in Nigeria, has equated the rule with negligence thereby giving the impression that liability under the rule could also lead to liability in negligence, which is not correct because the two are governed by different rules. This is notwithstanding the fact that recent developments indicate that negligence in some way, plays a significant role in attaching liability under the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher. The problem here is that the court in Nigeria is not categorical as to whether or not, it has abolished the rule and therefore, merge it together with negligence even though in some instances, the approach of the court moves towards that direction. It has therefore, been recommended that the court in Nigeria should take pro-active measures towards addressing the anomalies associated with the application of relevant principles of law governing trespass ab initio, private nuisance, the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher, conversion and detinue, by for example reversing itself in the case of Alhaja Silifatou Omotayo vs Co-operative Supply Association (2010)16 NWLR (pt. 1218) 22, take a stand by abolishing the rule in Rylands vs Fletcher and merge it with negligence for the sake of consistency and clarity in the law as well as re-examine its approach to the issue of liability in the tort of private nuisance by allowing “reasonableness of the defendants conduct”, to take centre stage in determining whether the defendant is liable or not.
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND LEVEL OF DEFOLIATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2002-12-26) WISDOM SOHUNAGO JAPHET; WISDOM SOHUNAGO JAPHET
Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the institute of agricultural research, Samaru, Nigeria during the 1999 and 2000 wet seasons. The aim was to study the effect of time and level of defoliation on the growth and yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). The treatments were time of defoliation (4,6,8, and 10 weeks after sowing (WAS)) and level of defoliation (Control, leaves of the lower half removed, leaves of the upper half removed and complete defoliation). The experiment was laid in a split-plot design with time of defoliation allotted to the main plot while level of defoliation was allotted to the sub-plot. The result indicated that defoliation at 4 weeks afler sowing reduced plant height, stem girth, ribbon and stem dry weight while defoliation at 8 and 10 weeks afler sowing reduced the number of pods per plant, pod diameter, number of seed per pod, and 100-seed weight. Defoliation at 6 weeks after sowing did not adversely affect kenaf in this study but led to an increase in plant height and number of seeds per pod
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE LEAVES AND STEM-BARK OF HYMENOCARDIA ACIDA, TUL. (EUPHORBIACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2004-01-26) DANLADI, HALIMA BALARABA; DANLADI, HALIMA BALARABA
This study deals with the pharmacognostic and biological aspects of the leaves and stem bark of Hymenocardia acida Tul (Family Euphorbiaceae). Euphorbiceae is a large and heterogeneous family found mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics. H. acida is a savannah shrub or tree with twisted trunk usually less than 4.5 m high but sometimes attaining as much as 9m. it is commonly found in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Nigeria; widely spread in tropical Africa
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF THE LEAVES OF CELTIS INTEGRIFOLIA LAM (ULMACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2006-01-26) USMAN HAMIDU; USMAN HAMIDU
he plant Celtis integrifolia Lam (Ulmaceae) is a tree widely used in West Tropical and Sub-Saharan Africa as a remedy for rheumatic pains, boils, burns and measles. Phytochemical screening of the leaves of this plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and carbohydrates. Palmitic acid and stearic acid were isolated from the petroleum ether extract, identified by spectroscopic technique and comparison with the authentic reference compounds
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WALTHERIA INDICA LINN (FAMILY STERCULIACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2006-01-26) ZAINAB MOHAMMED; ZAINAB MOHAMMED
The pharmacognostic and biological evaluation of the leave, stem and root of Waltheria indica have been carried out
DETERMINATION OF Cd, Co, Cu, AND Fe IN WATER AND SOME VEGETABLE CROPS CULTIVATED AROUND GALMA AND KUBANNI RIVERS, ZARIA
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2006-09-26) MOHAMMED AUWAL FAROUK; MOHAMMED AUWAL FAROUK
The level of some trace elements including cadmium, cobalt, copper and iron in water and vegetable samples of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata); lettuce (lactuca sativa L); maize (zea mays); okra (Abelmoschus esculent L ); onion (Alium spp) and spinach(Amarantus spp) along the banks of Galma and Kubanni rivers in zaria were determined during the rainy and dry seasons,(June to August 2005 and January to March 2006 respectively), by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). High levels of cadmium(Cd) (0.0057-0.087 mg/l ) and cobalt(Co) (1.208-2.863 mg/l) above the WHO guideline for drinking water were found at site E (old Jos road bridge T/Wada) in water samples analyzed for both seasons. And also higher levels of cadmium(Cd)(0.055-0.291 mg/l) above the FAO guideline for crops production were recorded in the spinach(Amarantus spp) analyzed in both seasons and levels of copper(Cu)(0.277-5.60 mg/l) above the FAO guideline were recorded in maize(zea mays), okra(Abelmoschus esculent L) and spinach(Amarantus spp) at site A,C and D during the rainy season.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA IN THE NATIONS EXTERNAL DEBT RELIEF AND CANCELLATION
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2006-11-26) AHMED, RAKIYA DODO; AHMED, RAKIYA DODO
The study assessed the role of Central Bank of Nigeria in the nation’s debt relief and cancellation. The Nigerian economy experienced a rapid growth and sustainable development in the 70s partly due to successful external sector performance and relatively sound domestic policies. However, the Nigerian economy went into deep depression as a result of political, institutional, economic and social problems in the 80s. The study employed historical, descriptive and survey methods of research to determine the role played by Central Bank of Nigeria on external debt relief and cancellation. The study used descriptive statistics in data analysis and relied majorly on secondary data. The study found that the Central Bank of Nigeria is confronted with a formidable challenge in the nation’s debt relief negotiations. It concluded that the nation’s external debt relief of $18billion will provide the nation enough fund to embark on valuable development projects with direct bearing on the citizens. The study recommended, among others, the need to increase the nation’s output when using the debt conversion programme and a reduction of Nigeria’s debt burden through debt securitization.
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES OF MOMORDICA BALSAMINA (LINN) FAMILY (CUCURBITACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2007-07-26) ALIYU ABDULAZEEZ; ALIYU ABDULAZEEZ
The Plant Momordica balsainina Linn (balsam apple) belongs to the tar. cucurbitraceae. The study carried out was designed to reveal the pharmacognostic characters of the plant for its proper identification and to evaluate the toxicity of the plant extract.
DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN STAPLE FOODS IN RICKETS PREVALENT AREAS IN KADUNA STATE
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2007-09-26) TURAKI ZIK KALIK; TURAKI ZIK KALIK
The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the epidemic of nutritional rickets among children in many countries of Asia, North America, Northern Europe and Africa. It was observed that a low dietary intake of calcium among rural children is a major contributor to rickets disease. Nutritional rickets remain a problem in many countries of the world despite a decline in the prevalence of the condition in many developed countries. Prevalence of rickets remain high in Nigeria among infants and young children and it appears to be a consequence of calcium malnutrition. In Nigeria, 2.4% of households have been reported to have children with rickets, while the prevalence of the bone disorder has been reported to be as high as 14.9% especially central Nigeria
1 ISOLATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DERMATOPHYTIC FUNGI SPORES TO ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2008-01-09) ADEDOYIN EBERE EKEOMA; ADEDOYIN EBERE EKEOMA
Tinea capitis is a highly contagious infection of the scalp and hair caused by dermatophytes. In Nigera, as much as 30.6% of children have been reported to have these dermatophytic fungal infection. Dermatophytic fungal isolates from pupils in three primary schools in Zaria Nigeria were cultured, characterized and identified using standard microbiological methods. Antifungal activities of five selected commonly used chemical agents against five most resistant dermatophytic fungal isolates viz Trichophyton rubrum (Tr10), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Tm07), Trichophyton tonsurans (Tt06), Trichophyton verucosum (Tv03), and Trichophyton soudanese (Ts01), were investigated using parameters such as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC), Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC), for Antifungal Agents Combinations and the effect of time on sporicidal activities of test chemical agents on the most resistant dermatophytic fungal spores. A total of 81 dermatophytic fungi were isolated from 150 swabs and samples collected from the volunteered primary school pupils. The dermatophytes were Trichophyton rubrum (12), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (18), Trichophyton verucosum (14) Trichophyton soudanese (16), Trichophyton tonsurans (13), Trichophyton violaceum (4) and Microsporum canis (4). Test fungal isolates with the highest incidences were Trichophyton mentagrophytes 18(22.2%), followed by Trichophyton soudanese 16(19.8%). Microsporum canis and Trichophyton violaceum were the least isolated, 4(4.9%) each. The M.I.C values of Flucytosine, Terbinafine HCL, and Tioconazole range from 0.50 to 100.00μg/ml against the five selected test fungi spores. The antifungal activity of Sodium propionate ranges from 50.0 to 250.0 μg/ml against the five dermatophytic spores. The order of inhibitory antifungal activity was Fluconazole > flucytosine >Terbinafine > Tioconazole > Sodium propionate. Similarly the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration of the test antifungal agents against the five selected test fungi spores showed the order of the antifungal activities as Fluconazole, > Terbinafine > Flucytosine > Tioconazole > Sodium Propionate. The most resistant dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum. Biocidal activities of the test compounds at 0.156μM concentration, displayed marked fungicidal activities in the order of Terbinafine HCl >Tioconazole > sodium propionate > Fluconazole, with one log cycle reduction time of 5.0, 7.5, 15.0, and 20.0 minutes respectively. After the first 30 minutes contact time in the admixtures, the log cycles reduction of resistant T.rubrum spores were in the following order; Terbinafine HCL (3.90) > Tioconazole (2.40) > Sodium Propionate (1.50) > Fluconazole (1.20) log cycles reductions. Generally, there was rapid rate of fungicidal activity among the test antifungal agents within the first 50 minutes. Based on the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values of the test antifungal agents, six new potential combined antifungal agents were formulated with tenfold their M.F.C. Results of the combinations of test antifungal agents against the most resistant T. rubrum showed synergism for Terbinafine /Sodium propionate, Fluconazole/ Sodium propionate, and Tioconazole /sodium propionate. The observed results in this study proved that the test antifungal agents singly and in combination possessed appreciable activities against the isolated dermatophytic fungi spores in Zaria Nigeria
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LEAF EXTRACT OF STEREOSPERMUM KUNTHIANUM (BIGNONIACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2008-03-26) HANWA UMAR ALIYU; HANWA UMAR ALIYU
Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniacea) herb is used in Hausa ethnomedicine in treating bronchitis, veneral diseases, diarrheoa and dysentery. It is also used in the treatment of ulcers, leprosy, skin eruptions, respiratory ailments and gastritis. The plant is common in Northern Nigeria where it is used as abortifacient and as antihypertensive agent.
STUDY OF THE LIKELY IMPACT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DECISION TO INCREASE VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) FROM 5% TO 10% ON THE ECONOMY
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2008-07-26) YAHAYA, Umar Maikano; YAHAYA, Umar Maikano
The government of any nation has among its duties maintain law and order, provision of, necessary infrastructure such as electricity, education and health facilities. For the government to discharge these duties effectively it needs fund which it derive from public expenditure, one of the major avenues to derivation of this fund is taxation
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF CIMETIDINE AND PROPANTHELINE ON THE PHARMACOKINETIC OF PARACETAMOL IN HUMAN
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2009-03-26) DAHIRU MAGAJI ZAREWA; DAHIRU MAGAJI ZAREWA
Comparison of the effects of a single oral dose of cimetidine and propantheline on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol were studied with paracetamol (1g) administered alone, concurrently with cimetidine (400mg), delay (1 hour) with cimetidine (400mg), concurrently with paracetamol (15mg) and delay (1 hour) with propantheline (15mg) respectively. Paraetamol concentration was measured in saliva of 8 healthy male, non-smokers and non-alcoholic volunteers. A log data and AUC curves were used to generate pharmacokinetic data and the data obtained compared pharmacokinetically and statistically. On concurrent administration of paracetamol and cimetidine, the pharmacokinetic parameters change where as follows – Cmax decrease by 16%, T1/2ab increase by 2%, Kab increase by 9.0%, T1/2el decrease by 1.9%, Kel decrease by 10%, lag time increase by 11% while the AUC decreases by 19%. On concurrent administration of paracetamol and propantheline the following were observed – decrease in Cmax by 11%, incease in T1/2ab by 1.6%, Kab decrease by 9%, T1/2el increase by 25%, Kel decrease by 17%, lag time increase by 66% while the AUC decrease by 70%. On delayed administration i.e. paracetamol (1g) admistered an hour after the administration of 15mg propantheline there was decrease in Cmax by 45% (P>0.05), increase in T1/2 by 67%, decrease in Kab 31% (P>0.05),
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE ROOT OF DANIELLIA OLIVERI (ROLFE) HUTCH. & DALZ. (CAESALPINIACEAE)
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2009-07-27) MUSA AISHA OIZA BSc. BOTANY; MUSA AISHA OIZA BSc. BOTANY
Daniellia oliveri is one of the most extensively utilized medicinal plants; it is a tree all of whose parts are used in Nigeria and some West African countries for the treatment of various ailments example the root is used as chewing stick. In the bid to standardize this plant, pharmacognostic and biological (anti-Candida) studies were carried out on its root and root bark
STUDIES ON PREVALENCE OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI) IN NORTHERN PART OF KADUNA STATE
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2010-04-26) AYE, Langzad Adamu; AYE, Langzad Adamu
The study assessed the incidence, mortality and financial losses during the 2006 – 2007 Highly Pathogenic Aavian Influenza (H5N1) poultry outbreaks in Kaduna State; determined H5 antibodies prevalence among poultry in live bird markets, biosecurity practices and infrastructure in these markets through the use of outbreak data, haemagglutination inhibition test and structured questionnaires. Of the 128 farms involved in HPAI (H5N1) outbreaks, 85% were commercial farms with a mortality rate of 53.18 % and 113,151 (48.04%) poultry were depopulated. Sixty-six per cent of outbreak cases were reported after five days of onset with 92 % reported after all the birds were dead. Eighty-eight per cent of the farms did not seek veterinary advice, with 7.8 % of the farms were keeping multi-aged or multi-species poultry together. Farmers practiced borrowing of equipment and egg crates from other farms. The total financial losses during the epidemics was 984,500,272.00 Naira. Six of the seven live bird markets sampled had positive for H5 antibodies with Makarfi having the highest prevalence of 18.18 %. Poultry sampled had an overall prevalence of 7.84 % with pigeons having the highest prevalence of 18.18 %. Only 15.19 % of the live bird market studied had pipe borne water and all markets were located around residential areas and were not fenced. Among marketers, 98.73% and 88.73% respectively, do not seprate poultry by age or species with 41.77 % keeping poultry with rabbits. Most poultry processors do not wear protective clothing and engaged in risky behaviours. Poultry offal was eaten by 97.5 % of respondents. Most marketers trade in sick birds and throw away dead poultry.About seventy respondents (69.62 %) reported that the markets were not decontaminated with 63.29 % of respondents willing to disclose HPAI (H5N1) outbreak.
CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) DRUGS USING POLYMETHACRYLATE POLYMERS
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2010-09-26) MAHMUD SANI-GWARZO; MAHMUD SANI-GWARZO
To improve patient compliance and ensure better success in the management of HIV, spansule technology was employed to formulate controlled release dosage drug. Generic forms of seven of the most commonly used Anti-retro viral (ARV) drugs (didanosine, indinavir, lamivudine, nelfinavir, nevirapine, stavudine and zidovudine) and their clinically approved combinations were used in this study. Calculated daily dose was divided into one loading and four maintainace doses. Granules of the drugs, prepared using wet granulation method, were divided into five batches and spray coated with various grades of polymethacrylate polymers (Eudragit brand). Using different combinations/ratios, each ARV drug and their combinations were filled into capsules of sizes 00 to 000. Parameters such as solubility, disintegration, coating thickness and dissolution were determined. In- vitro testing for drug release was conducted to mimic various pH conditions of the G.I.T using disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffers. Spectrophotometric method was used to determine drug release. To serve as control, conventional forms of the seven ARVs obtained from a major manufacturer were tested for drug release.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETAL ATTITUDES AND THE EDUCATION OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN IN KADUNA STATE
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2010-09-26) AMAO, BOLANLE TOLULOPE; AMAO, BOLANLE TOLULOPE
The study investigated the relationship between societal attitudes and the education of the handicapped children in Kaduna State. The social welfare workers, Local Government Education Authority workers, classroom teachers and the handicapped people were used for the research. 423 questionnaires were given out to collect data from the respondents, but 416 questionnaires were retrieved. The analytical tools employed include summary of statistics of frequency and percentage distribution, the Pearson Product moment correlation co-efficient and one tail-t-test were used to test the hypotheses. The results obtained revealed that society has a negative attitude towards the education of the handicapped children. They believe that attitudes like pity, over-protection, preferential treatment etc will help the handicapped child to learn faster. The society seems to have preference towards educating handicapped male children compared to handicapped female children. Also, findings revealed that there is only one special school in the entire Kaduna State for educating the handicapped child.
CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) DRUGS USING POLYMETHACRYLATE POLYMERS
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2010-09-27) MAHMUD SANI-GWARZO; MAHMUD SANI-GWARZO
To improve patient compliance and ensure better success in the management of HIV, spansule technology was employed to formulate controlled release dosage drug. Generic forms of seven of the most commonly used Anti-retro viral (ARV) drugs (didanosine, indinavir, lamivudine, nelfinavir, nevirapine, stavudine and zidovudine) and their clinically approved combinations were used in this study. Calculated daily dose was divided into one loading and four maintainace doses. Granules of the drugs, prepared using wet granulation method, were divided into five batches and spray coated with various grades of polymethacrylate polymers (Eudragit brand). Using different combinations/ratios, each ARV drug and their combinations were filled into capsules of sizes 00 to 000. Parameters such as solubility, disintegration, coating thickness and dissolution were determined. In- vitro testing for drug release was conducted to mimic various pH conditions of the G.I.T using disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffers. Spectrophotometric method was used to determine drug release. To serve as control, conventional forms of the seven ARVs obtained from a major manufacturer were tested for drug release
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIA
(Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 2011-01-07) GARBA -ALKALI, ABDULRAZAQ ENEYE; GARBA -ALKALI, ABDULRAZAQ ENEYE
The persistently high incidence of premarital unprotected sexual activity, poor condom use, rape, and induced abortion among young women in Nigerian universities calls for exploration of emergency contraception for prevention of unwanted pregnancy. The descriptive study was conducted among female undergraduate student of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria.A total of 194 female undergraduates of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria selected by simple random sampling were surveyed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraception. About 53% of the respondents were sexually active. A total of 138 (74.6%) of respondents were aware of emergency contraception and about 85% of the sexually active had used it previously. The level of awareness was better among those in higher level of study. Majority 96.4% of the respondents who knew about emergency contraceptive pills identified the correct timing of administration for maximal efficacy. Most of the respondents cited friends (64.1%) and health care providers (15.1%) as their main sources of knowledge, while 3.7%, 4.4% and 1.3% of the respondents got the information through parents/relations, TV and radio respectively. Concern of encouragement of promiscuity (56.6%), and side effects (22.8%) ranked high among reasons for disapproval of deregulation of sale and promotion of emergency contraception.

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